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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Induction loop</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a detection system. For the more general electrical component, see <a href="Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a>.</div>

<p>An <b>induction</b> or <b>inductive loop</b> is an <a href="Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> communication or detection system which uses a moving <a href="Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> or an alternating current to <a href="Electromagnetic_induction#Faraday's_law" title="Electromagnetic induction">induce</a> an <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> in a nearby wire. <b>Induction loops</b> are used for transmission and reception of communication signals, or for detection of metal objects in metal detectors or vehicle presence indicators. A common modern use for induction loops is to provide hearing assistance to hearing-aid users.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_detection">Vehicle detection</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Traffic_count" title="Traffic count">Traffic count</a></div>

<p>Vehicle detection loops, called <i>inductive-loop traffic detectors</i>, can detect vehicles passing or arriving at a certain point, for instance approaching a <a href="Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a> or in motorway traffic. An insulated, electrically conducting loop is installed in the pavement. The electronics unit applies alternating current electrical energy onto the wire loops at frequencies between 10 k<a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> to 200 kHz, depending on the model. The inductive-loop system behaves as a tuned electrical circuit in which the loop wire and lead-in cable are the inductive elements. When a vehicle passes over the loop or is stopped within the loop, some of the vehicle's ferrous body material increases the loop's inductance, in the same principle as including a metal core within a solenoid coil. However, the peripheral metal of the vehicle has an opposite effect on the inductance due to <a href="Eddy_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddy currents">eddy currents</a> that are produced. The decrease in inductance from the eddy currents more than offsets the increase from the ferrous mass of the engine, and the net effect is an overall reduction in the inductance of the wire loop. The decrease in <a href="Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a> tends to decrease the electrical impedance of the wire to alternating current. The decrease in impedance actuates the electronics unit output relay or solid-state optically isolated output, which sends a pulse to the traffic signal controller signifying the passage or presence of a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Parking structures for automobiles may use inductive loops to track traffic (occupancy) in and out or may be used by access gates or ticketing systems to detect vehicles while others use <a href="Parking_guidance_and_information" title="Parking guidance and information">parking guidance and information</a> systems. Railways may use an induction loop to detect the passage of trains past a given point, as an electronic <a href="Treadle_(railway)" title="Treadle (railway)">treadle</a>.

</p><p>The relatively crude nature of the loop means that small metal masses cannot trigger the relay. This is good in that the loop does not thus produce very many "false positive" triggers (say, for example, by a pedestrian crossing the loop with a pocket full of loose metal change). However, it sometimes also means that bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles stopped at such intersections may be undetected (and therefore risk being ignored by the switch/signal). Most loops can be adjusted manually to consistently detect the presence of scooters and motorcycles. Several U.S. states have enacted "dead red" laws which permit such vehicles to proceed through a red signal after a given time if the loop does not detect them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_classification">Vehicle classification</h3></div>

<p>Inductance loops have also been used to classify types of vehicles. Sampling the loop at a high frequency results in a unique signature for each vehicle allowing for classification of the body type.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_detector">Metal detector</h3></div>

<p>A different sort of "induction loop" is applied to <a href="Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detectors</a>, where a large coil, which forms part of a resonant circuit, is effectively "detuned" by the coil's proximity to a conductive object.

The detected object may be metallic (metal and cable detection) or conductive/capacitive (<a href="Stud_finder" title="Stud finder">stud</a>/cavity detection).

Other configurations of this equipment use two or more receiving coils, and the detected object modifies the inductive coupling or alters the phase angle of the voltage induced in the receiving coils relative to the oscillator coil.

</p><p>An <a href="Anti-submarine_indicator_loop" title="Anti-submarine indicator loop">anti-submarine indicator loop</a> was a device used to detect <a href="Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and surface vessels using specially designed submerged cables connected to a <a href="Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3></div>

<p>An <a href="Audio_induction_loop" title="Audio induction loop">audio induction loop</a>, also known as a hearing loop, provides assistance to hearing aid users. The system has one or more loops in the area in which a hearing aid user would be present. Such an induction loop receiver is classically a very small iron-cored inductor (<a href="Hearing_aid#Telecoil" title="Hearing aid">telecoil</a>). The system commonly uses an analog power amplifier matched to the low impedance of the transmission loop. The transmission is normally direct rather than superimposed or modulated upon a carrier, though multi-channel systems have been implemented using modulation. Many hearing aids contain a telecoil which allows the user to receive and hear the magnetic field and remove the normal audio signal provided from the hearing aid microphone site.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since there is no "tuning" available, as the telecoil directly picks up all audio-frequency magnetic fields, careful system design is required where more than one induction loop is used in a building; for example, adjacent movie theatres or lecture halls. Telecoils may also pick up noise from non-audio sources such as power lines, lamps, or CRT monitors.

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<ul><li><a href="Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Induction coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductive_sensor" title="Inductive sensor">Inductive sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Coordinated_Adaptive_Traffic_System" title="Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System">Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/06108/02.cfm">"Traffic Detector Handbook"</a>. Federal Highway Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMuzzy2024" class="citation news cs1">Muzzy, Emalyn (2024-03-04). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/traffic/article286026931.html">"How motorcyclists can run red lights for Bike Week in Myrtle Beach area. What SC law says"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_Sun_News" title="The Sun News">The Sun News</a></i>. <a href="Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina" title="Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">Myrtle Beach, South Carolina</a>, U.S<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QB5Mll9tO3A">"Inductance Loop Signatures"</a>. <i><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/QB5Mll9tO3A">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalding" class="citation web cs1">Walding, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indicatorloops.com/loopworks.htm">"What are Indicator Loops and how do they work?"</a>. <i>Indicatorloops.com</i>. Richard Walding<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel R. Atcherson, Clifford A. Franklin, Laura Smith-Olinde <i>Hearing Assistive and Access Technology</i>, Plural Publishing, 2015, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1597567876</bdi> pp. 109-115</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424141736/http://www.rnid.org.uk/VirtualContent/101699/Loop_and_infrared_systems_for_people_who_are_deaf_September_2009.pdf">Loop and infrared systems - for deaf and hard of hearing people (fact sheet) A practical guide from the Royal National Institute for the Deaf in the UK.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/how-does-a-traffic-light-detect-that-a-car-has-pulled-up-and-is-waiting-for-the-light-to-change.htm">Traffic sensor</a> from <a href="How_Stuff_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="How Stuff Works">How Stuff Works</a>.</li></ul>

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